Bus Reservation System Essays

Bus Reservation System Essays Bus Reservation System Paper Bus Reservation System Paper A PROJECT REPORT ON BUS RESERVATION SYSTEM Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Award of degree of Post Graduate Diploma In Information Technology (2008-10) Submitted By: BRIJ MOHAN DAMMANI 200852200 Submitted to: Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning, Pune 411016, Maharashtra, India ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A project like this takes quite a lot of time to do properly. As is often the case, this project owes its existence and certainly its quality to a number of people, whose name does not appear on the cover. Among them is one of the most extra ordinary programmers it has been my pleasure to work with Mr. Ankur Kaushik, who did more than just check the facts by offering thoughtful logic where needed to improve the project as a whole. We also thank to Mr. Sh. Hardayal Singh (H. O. D. -MCA Deptt. Engineering College Bikaner) who deserves credit for helping me done the project and taking care of all the details that most programmers really don’t think about. Errors and confusions are my responsibility, but the quality of the project is to their credit and we can only thank them. We are highly thankful and feel obliged to Milan Travels staff members for nice Co-Operation and valuable suggestions in my project work. We owe my obligation to my friends and other colleagues in the computer field for their co-operation and support. We thank God for being on my side. Contents Chapter 1Introduction Chapter 2 Development model Chapter 3System Study Chapter 4Project Monitoring System Chapter 5System Analysis Chapter 6Operating Environment Chapter 7System Design Chapter 8System Testing Chapter 9System Implementation Chapter 10Conclusion Chapter 11Scope of the Project Introuction In bus reservation system there has been a collection of buses, agent who are booking tickets for customer’s journey which give bus number and departure time of the bus. According to its name it manages the details of all agent, tickets, rental details, and timing details and so on. It also manages the updating of the objects. In the tour detail there is information about bus, who has been taking customers at their destination, it also contain the detailed information about the customer, who has been taken from which bus and at what are the number of members he or she is taking his/her journey. This section also contain the details of booking time of the seat(s) or collecting time of the tickets, this section also contain the booking date and the name of agent which is optional, by which the customer can reserve the seats for his journey In Bus no category it contains the details of buses which are old/new. New buses are added with the details with bus no, from city to the city, type of the bus, rent of a single seat, if the bus has sleeper than the cost of sleeper, if the cabin has the facility for sitting than the cost of cabin seats, tour timings of the new bus has also been stored. How many buses are currently given and available in office? In seats specification, it gives the list of given issued and currently available seats and contain the information about seats like sleeper, cabin etc. The main objective of this project is to provide the better work efficiency, security, accuracy, reliability, feasibility. The error occurred could be reduced to nil and working conditions can be improved. Development model Software Process Model Our project life cycle uses the waterfall model, also known as classic life cycle model or linear sequential model. The Waterfall Model The waterfall model encompasses the following activities: 1. System/information Engineering and Modeling System Engineering and Analysis encompass requirements gathering at the system level with a small amount of Top-level design and analysis. Information Engineering encompasses requirements gathering at the strategic business level and at the business area level. 2. Software requirements analysis Software requirements analysis involves requirements for both the system and the software to be document and reviewed with the customer. . Design Software design is actually a multi-step process that focuses on for distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interfaces representation and procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be accessed for quality before coding begins. 4. Code Generation Code-Generation phase translates the design into a machine-readable form. 5. Testing Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all statement have been tested, and on the functional externals; that is, conducting test to uncover errors and ensure that define input will produce actual results that agree with required results. 6. Support Software will undoubtedly undergo change after it is delivered to the customer. Change will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements. System Study Before the project can begin, it becomes necessary to estimate the work to be done, the resource that will be required, and the time that will elapse from start to finish. During making such a plan we visited site many more times. 3. 1 Project planning objectives The objective of software project planning is to provide a framework that enables the management to make reasonable estimates of resources, cost, and schedule. These estimates are made within limited time frame at the beginning of a software project and should be updated regularly as the project progresses. In addition, estimates should attempt to define best case and worst case scenarios so that project outcomes can be bounded. 3. 2 Software Scope The first activity in software project planning is the determination of software scope. Software scope describes the data and control to be processed, function, performance, constraints, interfaces, and reliability. 3. 2. 1 Gathering Information Necessary for Scope The most commonly used technique to bridge communication gap between customer and the software developer to get the communication process started is to conduct a preliminary meeting or interview. When I visited the site we have been introduced to the Manager of the center, there were two other persons out of one was the technical adviser and another one was the cost accountant. Neither of us knows what to ask or say; we were very much worried that what we say will be misinterpreted. We started to asking context-free questions; that is, a set of questions that will lead to a basic understanding of the problem. The first set of context-free questions was like this: What do you want to be done? Who will use this solution? What is wrong with your existing working systems? Is there another source for the solution? Can you show us (or describe) the environment in which the solution will be used? After first round of above asked questions. We revisited the site and asked many more questions considering to final set of questions. Are our questions relevant to the problem that you need to be solved? Are we asking too many questions? Should we be asking you anything else? 3. 2. 2 Feasibility Not everything imaginable is feasible, not even in software. Software feasibility has four dimensions: Technology- is a project technically feasible? Is it within the state of the art? Finance – Is it financially feasible? Time- will the project be completed within specified time? Resources- does the organization have the resources needed to succeed? After taking into consideration of above said dimensions, we found it could be feasible for us to develop this project. 3. 3 Software Project Estimation Software cost and effort estimation will never be an exact science. Too may variables- human, technical, environmental, political- can affect the ultimate cost of software and effort applied to develop it. However, software project estimation can be transformed a black art to a series of systematic steps that provide estimates with acceptable risk. To achieve reliable cost and effort estimates, a number of options arise: 1. Delay estimation until late in the project (since, we can achieve 100% accurate estimates after the project is complete! ) 2. Base estimates on similar projects that have already been completed. 3. Use relatively simple decomposition techniques to generate project cost and effort estimates. 4. Use one or more empirical models for software cost and effort estimation. Unfortunately, the first option, however attractive, is not practical. Cost estimates must be provided â€Å"Up front†. However, we should recognize that the longer we wait, the more we know, and the more we know, the less likely we are to make serious errors in our estimates. The second option can work reasonably well, if the current project is quite similar to past efforts and other project influences (e. g. , the customer, business conditions, the SEE, deadlines) are equivalent. Unfortunately past experience has not always been a good indicator of future results. The remaining options are viable approaches the software project estimation. Ideally, the techniques noted for each option be applied in tandem; each used as cross check for the other. Decomposition techniques take a â€Å"divide and conquer† approach to software project estimation. By decomposing a project into major functions and related software engineering activities, cost and effort estimation can be performed in the stepwise fashion. Empirical estimation models can be used to complement decomposition techniques and offer a potentially valuable estimation approach in their own right. A model based on experience (historical data) and takes the form D = f (vi) Where d is one of a number of estimated values (e. g. , effort, cost, project duration and we are selected independent parameters (e. g. , estimated LOC (line of code)). Each of the viable software cost estimation options is only as good as the historical data used to seed the estimate. If no historical data exist, costing rests on a very shaky foundation. Project Monitoring System 4. 1 PERT Chart: Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM) are two project scheduling methods that can be applied to software development. These techniques are driven by following information: Estimates of Effort A decomposition of the product function The selection of the appropriate process model and task set Decomposition of tasks PERT chart for this application software is illustrated in figure 3. 1. The critical Path for this Project is Design, Code generation and Integration and testing. Figure 4. 1 PERT charts for â€Å"Bus Reservation System†. 4. 2 Gantt Chart: Gantt chart which is also known as Timeline chart contains the information like effort, duration, start date, completion date for each task. A timeline chart can be developed for the entire project. Below in figure 4. 2 we have shown the Gantt chart for the project. All project tasks have been listed in the left-hand column. Start: May 17, 2010. Work tasksPlanned startActual startPlanned completeActual CompleteNotes 1. 1Identify needs and benefits Meet with customers Identified needs and constraints Established Product Statement Milestone: Product statement defined 1. 2Defined Desiredoutput/control/input (OCI) Scope modes of interacton Documented (OCI) FTR: reviewed OCI with customer Revised OCI as required Milestone: OCI defined 1. 3Defined the function/behavior Milestone: Data Modeling completed . 4Isolation software elements Coding Reports 1. 5 Integration and Testing Wk1,d1 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk2,d1 Wk2,d1 Wk3,d3 Wk4,d1 Wk4,d3 Wk5,d1 Wk5,d1 W9,d1 Wk1,d1 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk5,d2 Wk6,d1 Wk7,d6 W9,d3 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk2,d2 Wk2,d3 Wk3,d5 Wk4,d2 Wk4,d5 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d2 Wk1,d3 Wk1,d3 Wk5,d5 W7,d5 W8,d6 W11,d3 Analysis and design is more time consuming. Finish: Aug 15 , 2010 Figure: 4. 2 Gant chart for the Bus reservation System. Note: Wk1- week1, d1- day1. System Analysis Software requirements analysis is a process of discovery, refinement, modeling, and specification. Requirement analysis proves the software designer with a representation of information, function, and behavior that can be translated to data, architectural interface, and component -level designs. To perform the job properly we need to follow as set of underlying concepts and principles of Analysis. 5. 1 Analysis Principles Over the past two decades, a large number of analysis modeling methods have been developed. Investigators have identified analysis problems and their caused and have developed a variety of modeling notations and corresponding ets of heuristics to overcome them. Each analysis method has a unique point of view. However, all analysis methods are related by a set of operational principles: 1. The information domain of a problem must be represented and understood. 2. The functions that the software is to perform must be defined. 3. The behavior of the software (as a consequence of external events) must be represented. 4. The models that depict information function and behavior must be partitioned in a manner that uncovers detail in layered (or hierarchical) fashion. 5. The analysis process should move from essential information toward implementation detail. By applying these principles, we approach the problem systematically. The information domain is examined so that function may be understood more completely. Models are used so that the characteristics of function and behavior can be communicated in a compact fashion. Partitioning is applied to reduce complexity. Essential and implementation vies of the software are necessary to accommodate the logical constraints imposed any processing requirements and the physical constraints imposed by other system elements. We have tried to takes above said principles to heart so that we could provide an excellent foundation for design. 5. 1. 1 The Information Domain All software applications can be collectively called data processing. Software is built to process data, to transform data from one form to another; that is, to accept input, manipulate it in some way, and produce output. This fundamental statement of objective is true whether we build batch software for a payroll system or real-time embedded software to control fuel flow to an automobile engine. The first operational analysis principle requires an examination of the information domain and the creation of a data model. The information domain contains three different views of the data and control as each is processed by a computer program: (1)information contend and relationships (the data model) (2)information flow, and (3)Information structure. To fully understand the information domain, each of these views should be considered. Information content represents the individual data and control objects that constitute some larger collection of information transformed by the software. For example, the data object, Status declare is a composite of a number of important pieces of data: the aircraft’s name, the aircraft’s model, ground run, no of hour flying and so forth. Therefore, the content of Status declares is defined by the attributes that are needed to create it. Similarly, the content of a control object called System status might be defined by a string of bits. Each bit represents a separate item of information that indicates whether or not a particular device is on-or off-line. Data and control objects can be related to other data and control objects. For example, the date object Status declare has one or more relationships with the objects like total no of flying, period left for the maintenance of aircraft an others. Information flow represents the manner in which date and control change as each moves through a system. Referring to figure 6. 1, input objects are transformed to intermediate information (data and / or control), which is further transformed to output. Along this transformation path, additional information may be introduced from an existing date store ( e. g. , a disk file or memory buffer). The transformations applied to the date are functions or sub functions that a program must perform. Data and control that move between two transformations define the interface for each function. Figure 5. 1 Information flow and transformation. 5. 1. 2 Modeling The second and third operational analysis principles require that we build models of function and behavior. Functional models. Software transforms information, and in order to accomplish this, it must perform at lease three generic functions: Input Processing And output. The functional model begins with a single context level model (i. e. , the name of the software to be built). Over a series of iterations, more and more functional detail is gathered, until a through delineation of all system functionality is represented. Behavioral models. Most software responds to events from the outside world. This stimulus/response characteristic forms the basis of the behavioral model. A computer program always exists in some state- an externally observable mode of behavior (e. g. , waiting, computing, printing, and polling) that is changed only when some even occurs. For example, in our case the project will remain in the wait state until: We click OK command button when first window appears An external event like mouse click cause an interrupt and consequently main window appears by asking the username and password. This external system (providing password and username) signals the project to act in desired manner as per need. A behavioral model creates a representation of the states of the software and the events that cause software to change state. 5. 1. 2 Partitioning (Divide) Problems are often too large and complex to be understood as a whole, for this reason, se tend to partition (divide) such problems into parts that can be easily under stood and establish interfaces between the part so that overall function can be accomplished. The fourth operational analysis principle suggests that the information, functional, and behavioral domains of software can be partitioned. In essence, partitioning decomposes problem intoits constituent parts. Conceptually, we establish a hierarchical representation of function or information and then partition and uppermost element by 1)exposing increasing detail by moving vertically in the hierarchy or (2)Functionally decomposing the problem my moving horizontally in the hierarchy. To issulstate these partitioning approaches let us consider our project â€Å"Bus Reservation System†. Horizontal partitioning and vertical partitioning of Bus Reservation system is shown below. Horizontal partitioning: Bus Reservation Syst em System configurationPassword acceptanceInteract with user During installation, the software (Bus Reservation System) used to program and configure the system. A master password is programmed for getting in to the software system. After this step only user can work in the environments (right cornor naming operation, administration and maintenance) only. Vertical partitioning of Bus Reservation System function: Bus Reservation System Configure systemUsername and Password AcceptanceRejection Interact with userFail Retry Operating Environment 6. 1 Hardware Specification: Server Side: Core 2 Due 2. 4GHz and Above 2 GB of Random Access Memory and Above 160 GB Hard Disk Client Side: Pentium-IV 1. 5MHs and Above 512 MB of Random Access Memory and Above 80 GB Hard Disk Software Specification: Environment: . NET Framework 3. Technologies: ASP. NET, C# Database: MS Access Software: Visual Studio 2008, Notepad ++ OS: Windows server 2003 R2, Windows XP SP2 Browser: IE7, IE8, FF 3. 5 6. 2. 1 Front-end Environment (. NET Framework) The Internet revolution of the late 1990s represented a dramatic shift in the way individuals and organizations communicate with each other. Traditional applications, such as word processors and accounting packages, are modeled as stand-alone applications: they offer users the capability to perform tasks using data stored on the system the application resides and executes on. Most new software, in contrast, is modeled based on a distributed computing model where applications collaborate to provide services and expose functionality to each other. As a result, the primary role of most new software is changing into supporting information exchange (through Web servers and browsers), collaboration (through e-mail and instant messaging), and individual expression (through Web logs, also known as Blogs, and e-zines - Web based magazines). Essentially, the basic role of software is changing from providing discrete functionality to providing services. The . NET Framework represents a unified, object-oriented set of services and libraries that embrace the changing role of new network-centric and network-aware software. In fact, the . NET Framework is the first platform designed from the ground up with the Internet in mind. Microsoft . NET Framework is a software component that is a part of several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It has a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The . NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Benefits of the . NET Framework The . NET Framework offers a number of benefits to developers: ? A consistent programming model ? Direct support for security ? Simplified development efforts ? Easy application deployment and maintenance The . NET Class Library is a key component of the . NET Framework - it is sometimes referred to as the Base Class Library (BCL). The . NET Class Library contains hundreds of classes you can use for tasks such as the following: Processing XML Working with data from multiple data sources Debugging your code and working with event logs Working with data streams and files Managing the run-time environment Developing Web services, components, and standard Windows applications Working with application security Working with directory services The functionality that the . NET Class Library provides is available to all . NET language s, resulting in a consistent object model regardless of the programming language developer’s use. Elements of the . NET Framework The . NET Framework consists of three key elements as show in below diagram Components of the . NET Framework ?Common Language Runtime ?. NET Class Library ?Unifying components 1. Common Language Runtime The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is a layer between an application and the operating system it executes on. The CLR simplifies an applications design and reduces the amount of code developers need to write because it provides a variety of execution services that include memory management, thread management, component lifetime management, and default error handling. The CLR is also responsible for compiling code just before it executes. Instead of producing a binary representation of your code, as traditional compilers do, . NET compilers produce a representation of your code in a language common to the . NET Framework: Microsoft Intermediate Language, often referred to as IL. When your code executes for the first time, the CLR invokes a special compiler called a Just In Time (JIT) compiler, Because all . NET languages have the same compiled representation, they all have similar performance characteristics. This means that a program written in Visual Basic . NET can perform as well as the same program written in Visual C++ . NET. 2. NET Class Library The . NET Class Library containing hundreds of classes that model the system and services it provides. To make the . NET Class Library easier to work with and understand, its divided into namespaces. The root namespace of the . NET Class Library is called System, and it contains core classes and data types, such as Int32, Object, Array, and Console. Secondary namespaces reside within the System namespace. Examples of nested namespaces include the following: System. Diagnostics: Contains classes for working with the Event Log System. Data: Makes it easy to work with data from multiple data sources System. IO: Contains classes for working with files and data streams The benefits of using the . NET Class Library include a consistent set of services available to all . NET languages and simplified deployment, because the . NET Class Library is available on all implementations of the . NET Framework. 3. Unifying components Until this point, this chapter has covered the low-level components of the . NET Framework. The unifying components, listed next, are the means by which you can access the services the . NET Framework provides: ASP. NET Windows Forms Visual Studio . NET ASP. NET After the release of Internet Information Services 4. 0 in 1997, Microsoft began researching possibilities for a new web application model that would solve common complaints about ASP. . ASP. NET introduces two major features: Web Forms and Web Services. 1. Web Forms Developers not familiar with Web development can spend a great deal of time, for example, figuring out how to validate the e-mail address on a form. You can validate the information on a form by using a client-side script or a server-side script. Deciding which kind of script to use is complicated by the fact that each approach has its benefits and drawbacks, some of which arent apparent unless youve done substantial design work. If you validate the form on the client by using client-side JScript code, you need to take into consideration the browser that your users may use to access the form. Not all browsers expose exactly the same representation of the document to programmatic interfaces. If you validate the form on the server, you need to be aware of the load that users might place on the server. The server has to validate the data and send the result back to the client. Web Forms simplify Web development to the point that it becomes as easy as dragging and dropping controls onto a designer (the surface that you use to edit a page) to design interactive Web applications that span from client to server. 2. Web Services A Web service is an application that exposes a programmatic interface through standard access methods. Web Services are designed to be used by other applications and components and are not intended to be useful directly to human end users. Web Services make it easy to build applications that integrate features from remote sources. For example, you can write a Web Service that provides weather information for subscribers of your service instead of having subscribers link to a page or parse through a file they download from your site. Clients can simply call a method on your Web Service as if they are calling a method on a component installed on their system - and have the weather information available in an easy-to-use format that they can integrate into their own applications or Web sites with no trouble. Introducing ASP. NET ASP. NET, the next version of ASP, is a programming framework that is used to create enterprise-class Web applications. The enterprise-class Web applications are accessible on a global basis, leading to efficient information management. However, the advantages that ASP. NET offers make it more than just the next version of ASP. ASP. NET is integrated with Visual Studio . NET, which provides a GUI designer, a rich toolbox, and a fully integrated debugger. This allows the development of applications in a What You See is What You Get (WYSIWYG) manner. Therefore, creating ASP. NET applications is much simpler. Unlike the ASP runtime, ASP. NET uses the Common Language Runtime (CLR) provided by the . NET Framework. The CLR is the . NET runtime, which manages the execution of code. The CLR allows the objects, which are created in different languages, to interact with each other and hence removes the language barrier. CLR thus makes Web application development more efficient. In addition to simplifying the designing of Web applications, the . NET CLR offers many advantages. Some of these advantages are listed as follows. Improved performance: The ASP. NET code is a compiled CLR code instead of an interpreted code. The CLR provides just-in-time compilation, native optimization, and caching. Here, it is important to note that compilation is a two-stage process in the . NET Framework. First, the code is compiled into the Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). Then, at the execution time, the MSIL is compiled into native code. Only the portions of the code that are actually needed will be compiled into native code. This is called Just In Time compilation. These features lead to an overall improved performance of ASP. NET applications. Flexibility: The entire . NET class library can be accessed by ASP. NET applications. You can use the language that best applies to the type of functionality you want to implement, because ASP. NET is language independent. Configuration settings: The application-level configuration settings are stored in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) format. The XML format is a hierarchical text format, which is easy to read and write. This format makes it easy to apply new settings to applications without the aid of any local administration tools. Security: ASP. NET applications are secure and use a set of default authorization and authentication schemes. However, you can modify these schemes according to the security needs of an application. In addition to this list of advantages, the ASP. NET framework makes it easy to migrate from ASP applications. Creating an ASP. NET Application After youve set up the development environment for ASP. NET, you can create your first ASP. NET Web application. You can create an ASP. NET Web application in one of the following ways: Use a text editor: In this method, you can write the code in a text editor, such as Notepad, and save the code as an ASPX file. You can save the ASPX file in the directory C:inetpubwwwroot. Then, to display the output of the Web page in Internet Explorer, you simply need to type http://localhost/. aspx in the Address box. If the IIS server is installed on some other machine on the network, replacelocalhost with the name of the server. If you save the file in some other directory, you need to add the file to a virtual directory in the Default WebSite directory on the IIS server. You can also create your own virtual directory and add the file to it. Use the VS. NET IDE: In this method, you use the IDE of Visual Studio . NET to create a Web page in a WYSIWYG manner. Also, when you create a Web application, the application is automatically created on a Web server (IIS server). You do not need to create a separate virtual directory on the IIS server. Characteristics Pages ASP. NET pages, known officially as web forms, are the main building block for application development. Web forms are contained in files with an ASPX extension; in programming jargon, these files typically contain static (X)HTML markup, as well as markup defining server-side Web Controls and User Controls where the developers place all the required static and dynamic content for the web page. Additionally, dynamic code which runs on the server can be placed in a page within a block which is similar to other web development technologies such as PHP, JSP, and ASP, but this practice is generally discouraged except for the purposes of data binding since it requires more calls when rendering the page. Note that this sample uses code inline, as opposed to code behind. protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { Label1. Text = DateTime. Now. ToLongDateString(); } Sample page The current time is: Code-behind model It is recommended by Microsoft for dealing with dynamic program code to use the code-behind model, which places this code in a separate file or in a specially designated script tag. Code-behind files typically have names like MyPage. aspx. cs or MyPage. aspx. vb based on the ASPX file name (this practice is automatic in Microsoft Visual Studio and other IDEs). When using this style of programming, the developer writes code to respond to different events, like the page being loaded, or a control being clicked, rather than a procedural walk through the document. ASP. NETs code The above tag is placed at the beginning of the ASPX file. The CodeFile property of the @ Page directive specifies the file (. cs or . b) acting as the code-behind while the Inherits property specifies the Class the Page derives from. In this example, the @ Page directive is included in SamplePage. aspx, then SampleCodeBehind. aspx. cs acts as the code-behind for this page: using System; namespace Website { public partial class SampleCodeBehind : System. Web. UI. Page { protected override void Page_Load(EventArgs e) { base. OnLoad(e); } } } In this case, the Page_Load () method is called every time the ASPX page is requested. The programmer can implement event handlers at several stages of the page execution process to perform processing. User controls ASP. NET supports creating reusable components through the creation of User Controls. A User Control follows the same structure as a Web Form, except that such controls are derived from the System. Web. UI. UserControl class, and are stored in ASCX files. Like ASPX files, a ASCX contains static HTML or XHTML markup, as well as markup defining web control and other User Controls. The code-behind model can be used. Programmers can add their own properties, methods, and event handlers. An event bubbling mechanism provides the ability to pass an event fired by a user control up to its containing page. Template engine When first released, ASP. NET lacked a template engine. Because the . NET framework is object-oriented and allows for inheritance, many developers would define a new base class that inherits from System. Web. UI. Page, write methods here that render HTML, and then make the pages in their application inherit from this new class. While this allows for common elements to be reused across a site, it adds complexity and mixes source code with markup. Furthermore, this method can only be visually tested by running the application not while designing it. Other developers have used include files and other tricks to avoid having to implement the same navigation and other elements in every page. ASP. NET 2. 0 introduced the concept of master pages, which allow for template-based page development. A web application can have one or more master pages, which can be nested. Master templates have place-holder controls, called ContentPlaceHolders to denote where the dynamic content goes, as well as HTML and JavaScript shared across child pages. Child pages use those ContentPlaceHolder controls, which must be mapped to the place-holder of the master page that the content page is populating. The rest of the page is defined by the shared parts of the master page, much like a mail merge in a word processor. All markup and server controls in the content page must be placed within the ContentPlaceHolder control. When a request is made for a content page, ASP. NET merges the output of the content page with the output of the master page, and sends the output to the user. The master page remains fully accessible to the content page. This means that the content page may still manipulate headers, change title, configure caching etc. If the master page exposes public properties or methods (e. . for setting copyright notices) the content page can use these as well. Performance ASP. NET aims for performance benefits over other script-based technologies (including Classic ASP) by compiling the server-side code to one or more DLL files on the web server. This compilation happens automatically the first time a page is requested (which means the developer need not perform a separate com pilation step for pages). This feature provides the ease of development offered by scripting languages with the performance benefits of a compiled binary. However, the compilation might cause a noticeable but short delay to the web user when the newly-edited page is first requested from the web server, but wont again unless the page requested is updated further. The ASPX and other resource files are placed in a virtual host on an Internet Information Services server (or other compatible ASP. NET servers; see Other Implementations, below). The first time a client requests a page, the . NET framework parses and compiles the file(s) into a . NET assembly and sends the response; subsequent requests are served from the DLL files. By default ASP. NET will compile the entire site in batches of 1000 files upon first request. If the compilation delay is causing problems, the batch size or the compilation strategy may be tweaked. Developers can also choose to pre-compile their code before deployment, eliminating the need for just-in-time compilation in a production environment. Database Queries The most common operation in SQL databases is the query, which is performed with the declarative SELECT keyword. SELECT retrieves data from a specified table, or multiple related tables, in a database. While often grouped with Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements, the standard SELECT query is considered separate from SQL DML, as it has no persistent effects on the data stored in a database. Note that there are some platform-specific variations of SELECT that can persist their effects in a database, such as the SELECT INTO syntax that exists in some databases. SQL queries allow the user to specify a description of the desired result set, but it is left to the devices of the database management system (DBMS) to plan, optimize, and perform the physical operations necessary to produce that result set in as efficient a manner as possible. An SQL query includes a list of columns to be included in the final result immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk (*) can also be used as a wildcard indicator to specify that all available columns of a table (or multiple tables) are to be returned. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with several optional keywords and clauses, including: The FROM clause which indicates the source table or tables from which the data is to be retrieved. The FROM clause can include optional JOIN clauses to join related tables to one another based on user-specified criteria. The WHERE clause includes a comparison predicate, which is used to restrict the number of rows returned by the query. The WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP BY clause. The WHERE clause eliminates all rows from the result set where the comparison predicate does not evaluate to True. The GROUP BY clause is used to combine, or group, rows with related values into elements of a smaller set of rows. GROUP BY is often used in conjunction with SQL aggregate functions or to eliminate duplicate rows from a result set. The HAVING clause includes a comparison predicate used to eliminate rows after the GROUP BY clause is applied to the result set. Because it acts on the results of the GROUP BY clause, aggregate functions can be used in the HAVING clause predicate. The ORDER BY clause is used to identify which columns are used to sort the resulting data, and in which order they should be sorted (options are ascending or descending). The order of rows returned by an SQL query is never guaranteed unless an ORDER BY clause is specified. The following is an example of a SELECT query that returns a list of expensive books. The query retrieves all rows from the Book table in which the price column contains a value greater than 100. 00. The result is sorted in ascending order by title. The asterisk (*) in the select list indicates that all columns of the Book table should be included in the result set. SELECT * FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 ORDER BY title; The example below demonstrates the use of multiple tables in a join, grouping, and aggregation in an SQL query, by returning a list of books and the number of authors associated with each book. SELECT Book. title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book JOIN Book_author ON Book. isbn = Book_author. isbn GROUP BY Book. title; Example output might resemble the following: Title Authors s and Guide 3 The Joy of SQL 1 How to use Wikipedia 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 How SQL Saved my Dog 1 (The underscore character _ is often used as part of table and column names to separate descriptive words because other punctuation tends to conflict with SQL syntax. For example, a dash - would be interpreted as a minus sign. ) Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only xists in the Books table, the above query could be rewritten in the following form: SELECT title, count (*) AS Authors FROM Book NATURAL JOIN Book_author GROUP BY title; However, many vendors either do not support this approach, or it requires certain column naming conventions. Thus, it is less common in practice. Data retrieval is very often combined with data projection when the user is looking for calculated values and not just the verbatim data stored in primitive data types, or when the data needs to be expressed in a form that is d ifferent from how its stored. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example which returns a list of books that cost more than 100. 00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price. SELECT isbn, title, price, price * 0. 06 AS sales_tax FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 ORDER BY title; Some modern day SQL queries may include extra WHERE statements that are conditional to each other. They may look like this example: SELECT isbn, title, price, date FROM Book WHERE price ; 100. 00 AND (date = 16042004 OR date = 16042005) ORDER BY title; Chapter 7 System Design E-R DIAGRAM: The following DFD shows how the working of a reservation system could be smoothly managed: DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: We have STARBUS as our database and some of our tables (relation) are such as AGENT_BASIC_INFO, FEEDBACK, PASSANGER_INFO, STATIS and TIMELIST STARBUS In our table AGENT_BASIC_INFO we have following field such as agent_id, agent_name, agent_name, agent_fname, agent_shop_name, agent_shop_address, agent_shop_city, agent_phon_number etc. AGENT_BASIC_INFO In our FEEDBACK table we have fields like name, Email, Phon, Subject, Comment, and User_type. In our table PASSANGER_INFO we have filed like bill_no, c_name, c_phone, c_to, c_from, c_time, Ttalseat, Seatnumber, Amount, Agent_id and Status. In the table of TIME_LIST we have fields such as Sno, Satation_name, Rate_per_seat, Time, Reach_time and Bus_number. PROCESS LOGIC: As the privatization of buses is increasing thus the need of its smooth management is also increasing the more we could facilitate the customers, the more they are comfortable with us, the more customers we have visiting our reservation unit . the above tables and modules facilitates many logics like: ? Number of buses in one unit Number of computers in particular department ?Number of users in a department ?Which bus has what tour on which day ?What are time table for different buses of different department ? What are the schedule for buses ?Schedule of a particular bus ?How many buses are there ?Each bus has how many seats ?How many seats are occupied ?Advance booking for seat ?How much money is collected in a particular day ?Bills for different customers ?Which seat has booked by agent 1. Index page This webpage is the starting page of the Website. It gives the followings: ?TollFree number of the other city. Display advantage of the StarBus ?Links for Agent list and seat status. ?Links for Feedback, FAQ, Terms and Conditions. 2. Status. As in the above image the Status webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Information about the booking which seat is booked and which is empty. 3. Agent name. As in the above image the Agent name webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Contains information about name, address and phone number of the agent. 4. Feedback As in the above image Feedback webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?Anyone can give feedback related to the site or services. Links for Terms and Condition’s and Policy and Privacy. 5. FAQ As in the above image FAQ webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?Contain information about tour a nd services of web site. Such as how many agent office are there and what is the mode Of the pament. 6. Privacy Policy: As in the above image the Privacy and Policy webpage is displaying: ?This page is access by any user ?This page say that when customer using our services, we required information about customer his/her name, age, route and email so that we can inform them to there email also. 7. Terms and Conditions. As in the above image the Terms and Conditions webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by anyone. ?Useful for customer ?Contain information when to reach the starting point and what should do, in case when our ticket is lost. 8. Login page As in the image Login webpage is displaying: ?Accessed by the agent. ?Agent entered its user name and password and click on login. ?Contain link for Forget Password. 9. Forget Password Page As in the image Forget Password webpage is displaying: ?It required user name who forget its password and then click on Next button. ?And also provide link for administration and other. 0. Identity Confirmation. As in the above image Identify Confirmation for user webpage is displaying: ?The Question you have select at the time of registration. ?You need to enter the answer for that question. ?After click on Next button. You will get your password on the show password webpage. 11. Ticket Booking page. As in the above image the ticket booking page is displaying: ?Only a ccessed by the agent. ?Select the destination, departure date and time. 11. Select Seat page As in the above image the Select Seat page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the agent. ?Red seat indicates booked seat. You can choose rest of the seat. It will be converted into green seat. 12. Customer Information page As in the above image the Customer Information webpage is displaying: ?After selecting the seat. ?Agent enters the name and phnumber of the customer. ?Click on Go button for printing the ticket. 13. Ticket Print page As in the above image the Ticket print webpage is displaying: ?This page prints the Customer ticket. ?This contain customer information such as name, destination, Number of seat. ?These also reduce the agent balance. 14. Search Ticket. As in the above image the Ticket Search webpage is displaying: Only accessed by the Agent and Administration. ? Using PNR number, Agent can search the ticket. 15. Ticket Cancellation As in the above image the Ticket cancellation webpage is displaying- ?Only accessed by the Agent and Administration ?Using PNR number, Agent can see the status ticket. 16. Change Password As in the above image the Change password web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Agent ?Agent can change password by entering the old and new password Administrator Section: 17. Create Agent: As in the above image the Change password web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Administrator. New agents are added by this page ?Required following information:- ?Username ?Password ?Email ?Security Question. ?Security Answer. ?After click on Create user button it will send you on Agent Basic Information webpage. 18. Agent Basic Information page As in the above image the agent’s Basic information web page is displaying: ?Agents Basic Information are added by this page ? Required following information are :- ?Name ?Father’s Name ?Shop Name ?Shop City ?Shop phone number ?Mobile Number ?Deposit amount 19. Agent List page As in the above image the agent’s List web page is displaying: Only accessed by the Administrator. ?Displaying Agent information such as:- ?Agent ID ?Name ?Shop Name ?Shop City ?Current Balance ?Mobile Number 20. A gent Deposit Amount Page As in the above image the agent’s Deposit Amount web page is displaying: ?Only accessed by the Administrator. ?Requires agent name and amount he wants to deposit. 21. Search Agent Page Bus List: Feedback List: Chapter 8 System Testing System Testing Once source code has been generated, software must be tested to uncover (and correct) as many errors as possible before delivery to customer. Our goal is to design a series of test cases that have a high likelihood of finding errors. To uncover the errors software techniques are used. These techniques provide systematic guidance for designing test that (1) Exercise the internal logic of software components, and (2) Exercise the input and output domains of the program to uncover errors in program function, behavior and performance. 8. 1 Steps. Software is tested from two different perspectives: (1)Internal program logic is exercised using â€Å"White box† test case design techniques. (2)Software requirements are exercised using â€Å"block box† test case design techniques. In both cases, the intent is to find the maximum number of errors with the minimum amount of effort and time. 8. 2 Strategies A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high-level tests that validate major system functions against customer requirements. A strategy must provide guidance for the practitioner and a set of milestones for the manager. Because the steps of the test strategy occur at a time when deadline pressure begins to rise, progress must be measurable and problems must surface as earl as possible. Following testing techniques are well known and the same strategy is adopted during this project testing. 8. 2. 1 Unit testing: Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software design- the software component or module. The unit test is white-box oriented. The module interface is tested to ensure that information properly flows into and of the program unit under test the local data structure has been examined to ensure that data stored temporarily maintains its integrity during all steps in an algorithm’s execution. Boundary conditions are tested to ensure that the module operated properly at boundaries established to limit or restrict processing. All independent paths through the control structure are exercised to ensure that all statements in a module haven executed at least once. 8. 2. 2 Integration testing: Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while at the same time conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The objective of this test is to take unit tested components and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. . 2. 3 Validation testing: At the culmination of integration testing, software is completely assembled as a package, interfacing errors have been uncovered and corrected, and a final series of software tests- validation testing-may begin. Validation can be defined in many ways, but a simple definition is that validation succeeds when software functions in a manner that can be reasonably expected b y the customer. 8. 2. 4 System testing:System testing is actually a series of different tests whose primary purpose is to fully exercise the computer-based system. Below we have described the two types of testing which have been taken for this project. 8. 2. 4. 1 Security testing Any computer-based system that manages sensitive information causes actions that can improperly harm (or benefit) individuals is a target for improper or illegal penetration. Penetration spans a broad range of activities: hackers who attempt to penetrate system for sport; disgruntled employees who attempt to penetrate for revenge; dishonest individuals who attempt to penetrate for illicit personal gain. For security purposes, when anyone who is not authorized user cannot penetrate this system. When programs first load it check for correct username and password. If any fails to act according will be simply ignored by the system. 8. 2. 4. 2 Performance Testing Performance testing is designed to test the run-time performance of software within the context of an integrated system. Performance testing occurs throughout all steps in the testing process. Even at the unit level, the performance of an individual module may be assessed as white-box tests are conducted. 8. 3. Criteria for Completion of Testing Every time the customer/user executes a compute program, the program is being tested. This sobering fact underlines the importance of other software quality assurance activities. As much time we run our project that is still sort of testing as Musa and Ackerman said. They have suggested a response that is based on statistical criteria: â€Å"No, we cannot be absolutely certain that the software will never fail, but relative to a theoretically sound and experimentally validated statistical model, we have done sufficient testing to say with 95 percent confidence that the probability of 1000 CPU hours of failure free operation in a probabilistically defined environment is at least 0. 95. † 8. 4 Validation Checks Software testing is one element of broader topic that is often referred to as verification and validation. Verification refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function. Validation refers to a different set of activities that ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements . Boehm state this another way: Verification:â€Å"Are we building the product right? † Validation:â€Å"Are we building the right product? † Validation checks are useful when we specify the nature of data input. Let us elaborate what I mean. In this project while entering the data to many text box you will find the use of validation checks. When you try to input wrong data. Your entry will be automatically abandoned. In the very beginning of the project when user wishes to enter into the project, he has to supply the password. This password is validated to certain string, till user won’t supply correct word of string for password he cannot succeed. When you try to edit the record for the trainee in Operation division you will find the validation checks. If you supply the number (digits) for name text box, you won’t get the entry; similarly if you data for trainee code in text (string) format it will be simply abandoned. A validation check facilitates us to work in a greater way. It become necessary for certain Applications like this. Chapter 9 System Implementation Specification, regardless of the mode through which we accomplish it, may be viewed as a representation process. Requirements are represented in manner that ultimately leads to successful software implementation. 9. 1 Specification principles A number of specification principles, adapted from the work of balzer and Goodman can be proposed: 1. Separate functionality from implementation. 2. Develop a model of the desired behavior of a system that encompasses date and the functional responses of a system to various stimuli from the environment. 3. Establish the context in which software operates by specifying the manner in which other system components interact with software. 4. Define the environment in which the system operates. 5. Create a cognitive model rather than a design or implementation model. The cognitive model describes a system as perceived by its user community. 6. Recognize that â€Å"the specifications must be tolerant of incompleteness and augmentable. † 7. Establish the content and structure of a specification in a way that will enable it to be amenable to change. This list of basic specification principles provides a basis for representing software requirements. However, principles must be translated into realization. 9. 1. 2 Representation As we know software requirement may be specified in a variety of ways. However, if requirements are committed to paper a simple set of guidelines is well worth following: Representation format and content should be relevant to the problem. A general outline for the contents of a Software Requirements Specification can be developed. However, the representation forms contained within the specification are likely to vary with the application area. For example, for our automation system we used different symbology, diagrams. Information contained within the specification should be nested. Representations should reveal layers of information so that a reader can move to the level of detail required. Paragraph and diagram numbering schemes should indicate the level of detail that is being presented. It is sometimes worthwhile to present the same information at different levels of abstraction to aid in understanding. Similar guidelines are adhered for my project. Chapter 10 Conclusion To conclude, Project Grid works like a component which can access all the databases and picks up different functions. It overcomes the many limitations incorporated in the . NET Framework. Among the many features availed by the project, the main among them are: Simple editing Insertion of individual images on each cell Insertion of individual colors on each cell Flicker free scrolling Drop-down grid effect Placing of any type of control anywhere in the grid Chapter 11 Scope of the Project Future scope of the project: The project has a very vast scope in future. The project can be implemented on internet in future. Project can be updated in near future as and when requirement for the same arises, as it is very flexible in terms of expansion. With the proposed software of Web Space Manager ready and fully functional the client is now able to manage and hence run the entire work in a much better, accurate and error free manner. The following are the future scope for the project: ?The number of levels that the software is handling can be made unlimited in future from the current status of handling up to N levels as currently laid down by the software. Efficiency can be further enhanced and boosted up to a great extent by normalizing and de-normalizing the database tables used in the project as well as taking the kind of the alternative set of data structures and advanced calculation algorithms available. We can in future generalize the application from its current customized status wherein other vendors developing and working on similar applications can utilize this software and make changes to it according to their business needs. ?Faster processing of information as compared to the current system with high accuracy and reliability. ?Automatic and error free report generation as per the specified format with ease. ?Automatic calculation and generation of correct and precise Bills thus reducing much of the workload on the accounting staff and the errors arising due to manual calculations. With a fully automated solution, lesser staff, better space utilization and peaceful work environment, the company is bound to experience high turnover. A future application of this system lies in the fact that the proposed system would remain relevant in the future. In case there be any additions or deletion of the services, addition or deletion of any reseller in any type of modification in future can be implemented easily. The data collected by the system will be useful for some other purposes also. All these result in high client-satisfaction, hence, more and more business for the company that will scale the company business to new heights in the forthcoming future. References References: Complete Reference of C# Programming in C# Deitel Deitel www. w3schools. com http://en. wikipedia. org The principles of Software Engineering – Roger S. Pressman Software Engineering – Hudson MSDN help provided by Microsoft . NET Object Oriented Programming – Deitel Deitel

Complete Guide to Internships for High School Students

Complete Guide to Internships for High School Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a high school student interested in getting an internship? Internships are a great way to learn about different careers, as well as get experience that you can include on your resume and college applications. Read on to learn what the benefits of internships are, what work you’ll be doing, how to find a great internship for you, and how to get the most out of your internship experience. What Is an Internship? An internship is a short-term job that allows the worker, or intern, to gain introductory experience in a certain profession.As an intern, you will work for a company or organization and gain hands-on and practical experience you can use for future jobs. There can be a lot of variation between internships. They may be part-time or full-time, paid or unpaid, take place over the summer or during the school year, and last anywhere from a few weeksto a year or more.Because internships are designed for people with little or no experience in a particular career field, most interns are students or recent college graduates. What Do You Do at an Internship? Your duties and responsibilities during your internship will depend a loton where you work. You may be calling prospective clients for a business, conducting a research experiment in a lab, leading tours at an art gallery, or one of many other options. Typically, you will spend your internship doing work similar to that of an entry-level employee at the organization.You may also do work related to severaljobs in order to learn more about different career paths.During your internship, you may work withemployees, customers, other interns, on your own, or a combination of these.Typically you will have a supervisor who will act as your boss, assign you work, and make sure you feel comfortable atyour internship. What Are the Benefits of Internships? There are multiple reasons to pursue an internship in high school; I've listed a few of the most important benefits below. Gain Experience and Skills One of the most important benefits of doing an internship is that you’ll gain skills and experience that you can use for future jobs and classes.Completing an internship that relates to a job you may want to have will help you getrelevant work experience and a better chance of getting a full-time job in that field in the future. The experiences and skills you gain during your internship can also help you in future classes as well. Don’t expect something new every minute of your internship; most of them include some less interesting duties, such as answering phones and sorting mail. However, every intern should come away with some new skills and knowledge as a result of their internship. Learn About Different Careers Doing an internship is a great, low-risk way to learn about different jobs because they provide hands-on experience and the opportunity to observe many different aspects of a career. While doing your internship, youmay learn that you don’t really enjoy a particular job that you thought you’d love, or you may discover a job you initially didn't findinteresting is actually a great fit for you.It’s much better to figure these things out during ahigh schoolinternship rather than waiting until you’ve finished college and started working to discover that the jobs you spent four years and thousands of dollars preparing foraren't a good fit for you. When I was in high school, I loved history and archaeology, and my dream job was to be an archaeologist. As a junior, I had a short internship that included surveying and excavating a field site with archaeologists. While it was a great opportunity to have, it taught me that being an archaeologist is a lot different than I imagined and not something I would enjoy as a career. Because I found this out in high school, I was able to research other careers and majors and have a better sense of what I wanted to do by the time I started college. Can Strengthen Your Resume and College Applications Internships are great experiences to include on job and college applications.Completing an internship, especially as a high school student, shows that you are a hard worker, motivated, and interested in learning new things. These are all qualities that employers and schools like to see in applicants. PotentialWay to Earn Money If your internship is paid, you also have the benefit of earning a paycheck, which I’m sure you know is a great benefit and can help you put money away for college. Should You Do an Internship If It's Unpaid? The unfortunate reality is that many internships, particularly those for high school students, aren’t paid. Many companies try to save costs by not paying interns, and high school interns are particularly likely to be unpaid because they often need a lot of training and can only do entry-level work, at least at the beginning of the internship. However, even if an internship is unpaid, you may still want to consider doing it. Why would you want to work for free?Great internships can teach you as much or more than many of the classes you take. You’ll learn what certain careers involve, gain hands-on experience, work with professionals, and learn new skills. If the internship is in a field you find interesting or want to pursue a career in one day, those benefits may make up for the lack of a paycheck.You may also be able to get academic credit for an unpaid internship, so even if you aren’t earning money, your internshipcan count as a class on your high school transcript. If you are trying to earn a lot of money now or can’t find an internship you are really excited about, then it might not be the best idea to do an unpaid internship because it may onlyfrustrate you and make your schedule busier. However, if you see an internship that seems relevant and interesting, you may want to consider it, even if it’s unpaid. Unpaid internships can still have many benefits, and it’s a good idea to consider unpaid work now, while you’re likely still living with your parents and don’t have student loans to pay off than to wait until college or after college graduation to do your first (and likely unpaid) internship. Doing an unpaid internship now can help you get a paid job or internship in the future because you will already have some experience. Just because an internship doesn't fill up your piggy bank doesn't mean you should automatically discount it. Whereto Find High School Internships It has become more and more popular for high school students to do internships, so there are a lot of resources available. However, the majority of internships are still primarily for college students, so keep that in mind while searching. Below are three of the best places to start your search. Your School Your high school may already have a program in place to help students find internships, or they may have a list of places where previous students have completed internships and enjoyed them. Talk to your academic counselor to learn what information your school has and if they can help you organize an internship. Places Where You'd Like to Work Another way to find internships is to ask directly at companies or organizations where you’d like to intern. Create a resume and be ready to talk about yourself, your interests, and what you’d like to learn at an internship. Then contact the company (in-person, by phone, or through e-mail), and ask if they offer internships for high school students and how you can apply. If they don’t, and you’re still interested in learning more about working there, ask if they offer shorter-term opportunities such as job shadowing. Internet Search Try searching â€Å"internships near [your town]† or â€Å"internships in [field you’re interested in, such as medicineorbusiness].† Because manyinternships are for college students, youshould try the other two options first because you may not be eligible for many of the internships you find online. You may also want to search "internships for high school students" to increase your chances of finding an internship you can apply for. You can find a lot of opportunities and information about internships online, but you also have to be careful about internships advertised on the internet. Some, especially if they are a company that specializes in setting up unpaid internships, exist only to make money for themselves and may not be as concerned about the quality of the internships they are offering. In general, be very wary ofcompanies that charge a fee to help you find an internship. While many internships for high schoolstudentsare unpaid, you should not have to pay large amounts of money in order to find one. What Questions Should You Ask Before Accepting an Internship? Unfortunately, as interning becomes more popular amongstudents, many companies have begun offering unpaid â€Å"internships† as a way to get free work. Many of these internships offer no compensation and little relevant experience; instead interns spend their time performing repetitive tasks or busywork that teaches few or no skills. In order to avoid these situations, research internships carefully before agreeing to one (especially ones you find on the internet), and talk to people at the organization to get answers to the following questions. What Duties Will the Intern Do? Even if the intern’s main responsibilitiesare statedon the job application or another resource, you should still ask your interviewer or potential supervisor to describe the day-to-day work because sometimes what they say can differ a lot from what is written. Listen carefully to their answers, and ask for clarification if necessary. Asking questions like â€Å"How will I spend most of my time?† or â€Å"What will be my main responsibilities as an intern?† can help you learn more about the internship and if the work you’ll be doing is relevant to your interests. If there is work you are particularly interested in, ask if you’ll have an opportunity to try it and about how much of your time will be spent on that duty. For example, if you are applying for an internship at a science lab and really want to learn more about microbiology and conducting different scientific tests, make sure you won’t be spending all your time cleaning beakers before you agree to an internship. Expect to do some busywork during your internship, but itshould also include some work that you find interesting and beneficial. How Will Interns Be Compensated? Even if you are not getting paid, you should still be benefitingin some way. After all, you are putting in a lot of hard work as an intern, and the company you work for should repay you with more than just a line on your resume. Examples of benefits that aren’t monetary include receiving quality training, learning new skills, getting academic credit, getting a housing or transportation stipend, possibly being hired at the end of the internship, orbeing introduced to workers who may be able to help you find a job in the future. If you aren’t sure how you’ll be compensated, don’t be afraid to askfor clarification. Asking your interviewer or contact at the company, â€Å"What are the ways I will benefit from doing this internship?† or something similar will show that you are direct and interested in making the most of your experience. How Much Are Interns Expected to Work? Some companies try to get as many hours out of their interns as possible, so make sure you and your employer are on the same page. There should be no confusion about this before you begin working. Your employer should provide a document that states how many hours you are expected to work a week and how many weeks you will be working for. If they don’t, ask for one before you begin working.Having this settled before youstart your internshipwill reduce the possibility of you working long, unexpected hours and feeling like you are being taken advantage of. How Can You Make the Most of Your High School Internship? After you have researched internships, applied to those that interest you, and been offered a position, it’s time to start working! Take the following steps to make sure you are getting as much out of your internship as possible. Learn as Much as You Can For most internships, the more effort you put in, the more benefits you get.Make it a goal to learn as much as you can during your internship. Even if a particular duty doesn’t seem that exciting, do your best at it. You never know, you may find it interesting or use those skills down the road. Be proactive. If you don’t have enough work to do, ask your supervisor what other things you can help with. This will help you learn more and show your boss that you are motivated and a hard worker. If you don’t know how to do something or need more information, ask! As an intern, you aren’t expected to know everything, and it’s much better to ask for help than to try to do something on your own and potentially make a big mistake. Discuss What You'd Like to Learn An internship is an opportunity for you to gain skills and knowledge that you think will benefit you in the future, so you want to make sure that at least part of what you are learning is applicable and interesting. You likely won’t be able to decide everything you get to do, but if there is a certain job you want to try or skill you want to learn, mention this to your supervisor. They may be able to give you some roles that require that skill or put you in contact with people who know a lot about that field and can answer your questions. Remember, both the company and you should be benefitingfrom this internship. Make Personal Connections One major benefit to internships is that you can make professional connections that may help you get a job in the future.If people know you and like the work you do, they will be more willing to hire you one day, even if they move to a different company. While at your internship, make it a point to speak with as many people as you can.You can also use your new contacts to get advice and learn more about a particular career field by asking them questions like why they chose this job, what they like about it, what they dislike, and if they have any advice for you as you finish high school and begin college. Summary Internships are a great way for high school studentsto get experience, gainnew skills, and learn more about different jobs and career fields. Internships can involve many duties and responsibilities, but, in general, they give the intern entry-level experience in a certain job or profession. Even unpaid internships can benefit you by giving you work experience, new skills, and a better idea of the type of career you want to have. To find an internship, talk toyour academic adviser, contact places where you’d like to work, or search online. Before agreeing to an internship, make sure you research it carefully so you understand what you’ll be doing. Once you begin working, make the most of your internship by learning as much as you can, being willing to do extra work, and getting to know your coworkers. What's Next? Want to learn more about a certain career but don't have the time to commit to an internship? Job shadowing may be just what you're looking for! Check out our complete guide to job shadowing. Wondering if you should get a job? We have guides to help you decide if getting a job is the right choice for you as well asthe eight best jobs for teenagers. Community service is also a great way to get experience and learn about different jobs. Read our guide to learnwhat community service is and how it can benefit you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. 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Motivation and Job Design Theories Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation and Job Design Theories - Case Study Example The experience that Peter Gibbons has on the highway is most likely a source of his lack of motivation. Because he cannot effectively get his vehicle into a moving lane, he gets demoralized. There is jam on the highway and he is most likely to arrive late at work. As he tries to move from one lane to another that appears to be moving relatively fast, the lane eventually stops moving when he has already joined the queue. He is thus unable to satisfy a lower need of getting a moving lane thus is most likely to relapse to a lower needs hierarchy level. He is unmotivated because he cannot attain the level of self actualization, which is finding a fast-moving lane. Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG Theory isolates three fundamental human needs that determine the behavior as concerns existence, relatedness and growth of an employee. Existence needs comprise of basic necessities for existence. These are psychological and safety needs in Maslow’s model. Relatedness focuses on the need for int erpersonal relationships, which conforms to Maslow’s social needs. Lastly, Alderfer distinguishes growth needs, which is inherent aspiration for individual development. The ERG model acknowledges that the order of significance of the three needs categories differ from one employee to another. Further the ERG model recognizes that the failure to achieve a higher need may make an individual to regress to lower needs that are relatively easier to meet, which is referred to as frustration-regression principle. Frustration-regression principle considerably affects the motivation of a worker. In the video clip, Peter Gibbons is apparently unmotivated in his job because he cannot achieve his target of finding a moving lane. Every time he tries to swerve to another lane, the new lane stops moving. This works him up and he appears to be focused on individual maintaining ground beside the highway. Because he is not achieving his mission, he is regressing to a lower need (relatedness) b y focusing his attention on the ground worker. Q2. The company, Initech, should establish a reward and recognition program. This would help the company to avoid situations where employees fell oppressed and that their contribution is not acknowledged. Peter Gibbons is depressed by how his boss treats him. The boss does not recognize Peter’s contribution, which leads him to develop an attitude of not caring about anything in the workplace. As such, establishing an effective reward and recognition of employee’s efforts would help to motivate Peter Gibson in the future. According to the theory of equity, employees who develop a notion that they are being underpaid or over-rewarded usually become distressed. This distress usually makes them to pursue how to restore equity in their work. Equity tries to link the contribution of employees to the rewards that they get. The theory holds that an employee will become angry when he feels underpaid while overpayment will also lead to a sense of guilt. Peter Gibson is required to turn up for the job even during weekends, which can be so demoralizing, especially when his relationship with the manager seems to be on the wire. By issuing reward and recognizing Gibson’s efforts, he is likely to be motivated in his work in the future. The management of Initech Company can also include employees in decision-making process, especially on matters that directly affect them. For example, Peter Gibson is unexpectedly

Clifton and Plath on the Feminine Identity Essay

Clifton and Plath on the Feminine Identity - Essay Example While they both appear to be in agreement on the nature of the feminine identity, their American perspectives differ vastly. Clifton, as an African-American, alludes to African themes, and brings into her poem questions about the duality within the African-American experience, and ultimately celebrates herself as a symbol of endurance. Plath's is decidedly different in its paradoxical nature. While her poem focuses on the vivacious and enigmatic legacy that she will leave behind, it is wholly centralized around her death, which creates a somewhat doomed undertone. But while both poets differ in their cultural perspectives, they both produce similar portrayals of the feminine identity as being one of strength, passion, and survival. Clifton brings many symbols to her poem that speak to the African-American, as well as the female experience. She describes herself as a "jungle girl/quick as a snake/a tree girl," (4-6). In aligning herself with such images as a jungle, a snake, and a tree-dweller, she is making a direct allusion to the African identity. Throughout American history, the image of the "African savage" was utilized as a means of persecution, keeping black-Americans under an oppressive rule by larger society. Africans were believed to be tribal jungle-dwellers, savage and uncivilized, and particularly dangerous for their lack of Christianization. Furthermore, the African religions were heavily focused on nature, spirits, demons, and magic, which made them even more frightening to white Americans, who were largely Protestant and highly hostile to Paganism and superstition. Clifton's reference to being "quick as a snake-" the snake being the Christian symbol of evil-seems to be an open embrace of the whi te-American view of the Africans as being aligned with evil and Satan-worship for their ritualistic beliefs. This embrace of a taboo culture is further emphasized in the repeated phrases: "I met me." She has met herself, meaning she has rediscovered her own identity-an identity that has long been buried under social beliefs that it was shameful, uncivilized, and even subhuman. But Clifton also brings a feminine element into her poem, calling herself a "jungle girl" and a "tree girl." Throughout western history, women have been aligned with nature, specifically with the cyclicality of nature, which is similar to the cyclicality of female fertility. Possibly even more revealing is Clifton's description of herself as being "quick as a snake." Snakes have also been ascribed to femininity as, in the Bible, it was a woman (Eve) who fell under the serpent's sway. On the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo went so far as to paint the serpent itself as having the face and torso of a woman. Thus, Clifton is rediscovering two socially repressed identities: her African identity, and her feminine identity. She goes on to write:

Horatio Alger’s Ragged Dick Essay Example for Free

Horatio Alger’s Ragged Dick Essay In the story of â€Å"Ragged Dick†, Horatio Alger tells an inspirational story portraying a hero, Dick, to be the embodiment of individual opportunity in American culture. Dick gains mobility up the socio ­economic ladder through his good virtue and dedication to higher education. Dick is an honest young â€Å"black ­boot† with a second ­rate shared apartment and low vernacular. However, Dick is generous and industrious, while keeping a frugal stance as to know the value of a dollar. while en route of finding new work, a young boy falls into the east river, and the father swears great rewards to the rescuer. Dick, an excellent swimmer, dives off a ferry and saves the boy, without hearing of any reward. The father, a wealthy industrialist himself, rewards Dick by giving him a well ­paying job as a clerk at his office. Dick, now realizing his potential, has allowed himself a new name with his new career, signifying his upward climb on the ladder claiming that he is finally, â€Å"cut off from the old vagabond life which he hoped never to resume† and sealing his grip upon the American Dream. Alger’s â€Å"rags to riches† story contains valuable tools that can be used to motivate a person’s social psychology, it’s myths can be unrealistic which can lead a person to believe a dream that could be impossible to obtain. The example of valor, hard work, and initiative are concrete tools for one’s toolbox, whereas relying only on gallantry can only go so far in our socio ­economic world. First, you could just take a look into the professions throughout our economy. Art, literature, and education are thrown on the back burner as business degrees are the #1 funded, and sought after, sectors.

The Human Mating Game :: essays research papers

Human Mating Game   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It's a dance as old as the human race. At cocktail lounges and church socials, during office coffee breaks and dinner parties-- most blatantly, perhaps, in the personal ads in newspapers and magazines-- men and women participate in a ritual that has been embedded in our existence since the dawn of man. Beginning at young ages, humans start learning to master the art of attracting someone of the opposite sex, one day hoping to find the perfect mate. Whether it was the physical aspect, personality aspect, or the chemical aspect of attraction, there is something that attracts mankind to members of the other sex. The question is, 'How do you interpret these signals and how do you respond to them?';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researchers and educators are beginning to observe that the age that children start to take notice of the opposite sex. As early as the pre-teen years children start 'going out.'; Many parents fear that their kids are being pushed into adulthood too quickly. Yet, they recognize that pre-teen relationships often resemble child's play more than teenage romance. Pre-teens pair up to impress their friends. Within a group of pre-teens, they might constantly trade boyfriends and girlfriends because it doesn't really matter as long as each other has someone. These couples traditionally would not go out for more than a month and they may do little more than talk a few times on the phone. Fortunately, pre-teens take break-ups in stride which later prepares one for the possibility of hurting and being hurt by someone in one's future teenage and adult years (Hoose 56-63).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The early teenage years are when young adolescents begin to learn the basics of the 'Flirting Game,' especially the girls. There are 52 different nonverbal courtship behaviors used by women. 31 of these 52 flirtations were exhibited by 13-16 year old girls in a study that included going to shopping malls, ice skating rinks, and other places that adolescents congregate. The only signals missing were those at the more overt end of the spectrum, such as actual caressing. Not only were some of the signs missing, but the teens' gestures looked less natural than ones that would be made by more mature females; They laughed much louder, stared more obviously, and their moves were overall much sloppier. If there was a leader among the group, the followers usually modeled their behavior on the leader of the pack.

THE MUTUAL SHAPING OF ONLINE AND OFFLINE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

IntroductionTechnically talking cyberspace is a planetary web of interrelated webs. All most all of these webs holds files such as web pages, that can be accessed by all other networked computing machines. Every computing machine or any device like cell phone etc which is connected to internet hold the ability to direct and have files in the signifier of electronic mails or another file extensions over the cyberspace. And therefore the people all over the universe are connected ever. If we place internet in the historical context and so critically examines the consequence of cyberspace usage on the societal relationships so we could see that the effects of cyberspace usage are mostly depended on peculiar ends such as self-expression or competition. In 1998, Kraut and his co-workers cited a correlativity between the cyberspace usage and diminutions in societal relationships. After old ages the same group of people did a survey on the original sample group and founded out that the nega tive effects of utilizing cyberspace had dissipated and besides it suggested that the cyberspace had a really positive consequence on societal and psychological well-being of the modern people. Here my purpose or aim is to critically analyze the work done by Bo Xie on the subject The common defining of online and offline societal relationships. The writer of this subject is Dr. Bo Xie, ( PhD, Rensselaer Polytechnic ) Assistant Professor in college of information surveies under the University of Maryland. She has published a figure of books on information direction. Her Research Interests are in Health information sciences ; older grownups ‘ acquisition and usage of computing machines and the Internet ; computing machine literacy ; womb-to-tomb acquisition ; civic battle ; volunteering ; societal relationships ; societal support ; on-line communities ; wellness and wellbeing ( hypertext transfer protocol: //terpconnect.umd. Edu/~ boxie/ ) .As a decision of my critical analysis I came to cognize that cyberspace has both positive and negative effects on the societal relationships in the modern world.Some of the positive effects are like on-line chatting, which will make new friendly relationships and relationships which besides helps in buttocks in touch with old friends.The same chatting could be the demerit when it creates uneconomical relationships between people while chew the fating in the net for long hours. The positive effects of the cyberspace on the societal relationships may be important but the demerits of utilizing cyberspace might be destructiveMETHOD OF EVALUATIONIn the method of rating of the research writer had interviewed 30 three participants from OldKids administration whom falls under old age group and different educational backgrounds. Here the writer tries to indicate out two civilization specific groups. First -informed by anthropologists on the observation that the ageing experience difference over civilizations and these participan ts were non selected by age but by self designation. It contained Chinese citizens. Second-retired Chinese participants. In the research the writer speaks about the societal relationships in the cyberspace age and the societal relationships in the ulterior life. She says that the usage of cyberspace in this age reduces societal relationship and increases the societal isolation. The surveies reveal that this construct was accepted before old ages but now the on-line relationships are more dependable, realistic, low cost and easy approachable than in older yearss. She describes that the digital universe or the internet age is wholly independent on on the offline or the physical universe. This is a true fact and the two universes are wholly different from each other with their ain advantages and disadvantages.The practical universe helps each individual to get the better of from the corporal restraints such as sex, age, race and nationality and gives a quite environment from the outrea ch of the physical universe. But there is besides a opportunity of acquiring attracted more towards sexy relationships as the online users could go through their message unashamedly as they are non seeing each other face to face. The usage of online dealingss besides creates phase frightness in kids. The practical universe creates the same state of affairss predominating in the physical universe. This hypothesis is right from my point of position as well.Now we could make any thing in the practical universe that is go oning in the physical universe expect from the point of physical contacts. More late the computing machine people had created even practical lottos were a user could do a profile with a a character and that character could interact with the other characters whom are created by other users. From the groundss and the mentions the writer argues that the societal relationships created or formed and maintained through electronic mail are perceived by persons are less valuab le than the relationship created by the one to one face to face and telephonic relationships. This hypothesis is non wholly acceptable as there are many grounds of people acquiring more and more engaged in relationships which is created through internet.But the hypothesis is acceptable from the point of position that people even ca n't retrieve even the names of their on-line friends. The encouraging nature of the friendly relationship is really less or seldom seeable in online relationship.Evidences shows that friendly relationship is more affiliated in the ulterior life of older grownups. The practical online friends tries to run into and mix in the physical universe of dealingss. Therefore on-line friends tends to run into their friends physically face to confrontTECHNIQUES USED FOR GATHERING DATA AND ANALYSISThe techniques used for the aggregation of informations to back up my observations were perfectly secondary that is by reading the books, journels and and besides surfing in the cyberspace as the nature of the assignment is to critically analyze. As we analyse the informations available we could state that the research done by Dr.Bo Xie had some few restrictions. The first 1 is that it has concidered merely the people from China as the samples. The usage of cyberspace for doing relationships in China may be different from other parts of the universe. As China is technologically frontward than many other states the online dealingss could be more in China than in other countries.Second one is that the research selected merely 30 three participants which is non sufficient for a good research to be conducted. But the technique used was random sampling which could supply with better consequences. The information aggregation would be better if it could make an online trying which includes the people from other parts of the universe were there usage of cyberspace is non so common. Third one is that the samples contained merely old people and it wholly avoided the new coevals which decidedly would make a interruption through in the research. The information analysis for this survey was controlled by grounded theory where the information aggregation and analysis occurs at the same time to guarantee the coevolution of the informations and the theory.After interview with each individual the writer writes a short description about the provender back including the clip and location of the interview.Its a long procedure of doing a research which takes much clip but helps to include each and every minute inside informations of the observation. Then the analysis showed that the demand to run into offline is in relation with the demand to cognize more about computing machines and besides to mix with the friends in the same age group in the physical universe. It besides resulted in formations of some nines as good. Internet helped the people to link with the equals who were physically far off who were non in range to the old people. This is beside s an acceptable fact but we should concider one point that cyberspace is non available in rural parts of most of the universe.LITERATURE REVIEWâ€Å" Greater usage of the Internet was besides associated with little, but statistically important diminutions in societal engagement as measured by communicating with the household and the size of people ‘s local societal webs, and with additions in solitariness, a psychological province associated with societal engagement † . ( Kraut et al,1998 ) † A 2nd survey was so done on new buyers of computing machine and telecastings, and it besides showed that the cyberspace had a positive consequence on societal and psychological wellbeing. Unsurprisingly, this was more marked for extraverts and more socially connected people † . ( Kraut et al ) † Results of a new three twelvemonth survey are the first to uncover the societal effects of life in a highly-wired, broadband vicinity. This research addresses recent invol vement in the effects of Internet usage on relationships with friends, relations and neighbours. The cardinal determination is that populating in a wired vicinity with entree to a high-velocity local web encourages greater community engagement, expands and strengthens local relationships with neighbours and household, and helps keep ties with friends and relations populating further off † . ( Prof. Keith Hampton and Prof. Barry Wellman )MAIN ARGUMENTSMain statement gives the strength and failing of the research.StrengthsThe research has good explained how the online dealingss helped older people in happening their old equals and doing new friends who are physically excessively far off from them. The theory used for the research that is the land theory has strongly supported the findings and observations of the writer. The interviews were conducted in deepness and it has taken down all the points without any girl at the clip of the interview.The analysis is so clear that every one could understand it without much difficulty.The research clearly mentions how the cyberspace helped the old people in doing a new on-line universe of their own.The resarch gives mentions to many great books and writers to do it more reliable.It discusses the subject with a narrative which the brand the readers more amused.FailingThe research discusses merely the positive facets of old people utilizing internet.The study done was non a random study which decreases the truth of the research. The figure of individuals selected for the research were really less like 30 three and besides the members were selected from China only.The research did non give any single inside informations of the interviewees and it merely give merely an lineation of a broader topic.The cyberspace is largely used by pupils adolescents etc who were non involved in this research.So there is a opportunity of acquiring inaccurate or even incorrect dimensions to the research.It besides non references about wha t happens in the other parts of the universe where there is merely a limited entree to internet.DISCUSSION AND EVALUATIONThis research subject is more relevent to the modern universe while measuring deeply and is a must discussed topic.Firstly the usage of cyberspace to do equals for the old people is a subject which accurate to the modern universe of emphasis and tenseness. Due to the addition in figure of cyberspace users the universe becomes familiar to each individual.The subject is of import because in close hereafter cipher might be there who does n't cognize how to work with cyberspace. The groundss put frontward by the research worker are all valid and the theory and the state of affairs used are really supportive.The decision or the result of the research is sufficient in giving the thought of the subject. The research is crystalline that the techniques used are quite appropriate and is been justified. Though the analysis was good the informations aggregation was non upto t he grade but besides resulted in better result. The methodological analysis is widely accepted type and sounds proper to the predominating situation.Critically analyzing is the best manner to construe a research and besides it helps in bring forthing better results and a modified hereafter to the stakeholdersDecisionThis critical reappraisal comes into the decision that the research has a positive attitude towards the online relationship at the same clip it accepts the physical relationship as good. The purpose of the research was to distinguish between online and offline relationship and it has done its occupation with flawlessness. The research is dependable, acceptable and adds value to the future universe. The findings are based and built on theories so they are accurate.the theory shows that the figure of people attracted towards online relationship is increased due to its positive facets. Though on-line relation creates a practical distance between the people it creates an con sciousness that we are one. The most polished quality of the subject falls in the relevant nature of the hosen subject. The consequences obtained can be used in most of the states though it can non be used in some of the rural parts of the universe. The restrictions of the research are overcome by the relevancy and importance of the subject. The research gives great part to the modern universe of computing machine. So the cogency of the subject is really high.